What is Assets And Liabilities: Definition & Meaning Explained

Government Bonds

Government bonds are debt instruments that allow the central banks to raise capital to finance operations. The types of government bonds are:

Treasury Bills
Fixed Rate Bonds
Floating Rate Bonds
State Development Loans
Sovereign Gold Bonds
Zero Coupon Bonds

Every government bond has a credit rating that’s based on the financial health of the country. The government is the apex institution of any country, which is why their credit rating is the high.

In India, you’ll notice government bonds with the credit rating SOV. This is known as a sovereign rating.

Advance/Decline Line

An Advance/Decline Line can help you plot the daily difference between the number of advancing and declining stocks.

As a result, the Advance/Decline Line is a technical indicator used to gauge market sentiment, price trends, and trend reversals.

Here’s how the Advance/Decline Line is calculated:

Calculate the number of stocks that finished in the red.
Calculate the number of stocks that finished in the green.
Subtract #1 from #2 to find out the net movement aka Net Advance.
Repeat #1, #2, and #3 the next day and add the values for Net Advance.
Add both the previous day’s and the present day’s Net Advance. Repeat for future calculations.

Follow On Public Offer

A Follow On Public Offer or FPO allows a publicly traded company to issue more stock to public investors. FPOs are similar to IPOs because FPOs allow companies to raise additional capital through the public market.

For an FPO to be possible, a company must have already done an IPO. FPO shares are typically issued at a discount by a company whose track record is already clear because they are publicly traded.

Discounted Cash Flow

Discounted cash flow is a method of valuing a company in the present based on future cash flows. An investment may be profitable in the present if the discounted cash flow is above the current cost of investing.

The formula to calculate discounted cash flows is:

DCF = Cash Flow Year 1 / (1+r1)^1 + Cash Flow Year 2 / (1+r2)^2 + Cash Flow Year N / (1+r)^n

Equity Shares

Equity shares is a term used to describe stock of a company that’s issued via an Initial Public Offer (IPO), already issued and traded on the stock market, or freshly available through a Follow on Public Offer (FPO).

For a company, the goal of issuing equity shares is to raise money while investors who buy these equity shares get perks like voting rights, dividends, and even a share of the assets in case the company is liquidated.

Free Cash Flow

Free float market capitalization is the market cap of a company based on the total freely available publicly traded outstanding shares. The formula to calculate free float market capitalization is:

Free float market capitalization = Share Price x (Number of Shares Available for Trading – Private and Locked-In Shares)

When calculating the free float market cap of a company, the number of shares held privately or the shares that are locked-in are not taken into account. Typically, these shares are held by promoters and the government.

Assets And Liabilities